CHRYSALIDOCARPUS MALCOMBERI

1. Introduction

Habitat and Distribution

Chrysalidocarpus malcomberi (currently classified as Dypsis malcomberi) is endemic to Madagascar, specifically found in the southeastern tip of the island. It grows in the Andohahela Special Reserve in submontane moist forest habitats. The palm is typically found on slight to steep slopes at altitudes between 400-800 meters, and occasionally near forest streams.

Taxonomic Classification

• Kingdom: Plantae
• Division: Angiosperms
• Class: Monocots
• Order: Arecales
• Family: Arecaceae (Palm family)
• Genus: Dypsis (formerly Chrysalidocarpus)
• Species: D. malcomberi

Synonyms

• Chrysalidocarpus malcomberi (Beentje) Eiserhardt & W.J.Baker, 2022
• Dypsis malcomberi Beentje, 1995

Common Names

• Malcomber's Palm
• Malcomber Palm

Global Distribution

The species is native only to Madagascar where it is considered threatened due to habitat loss. In cultivation, it is considered rare but has been introduced to various tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It has gained popularity among palm enthusiasts in places like Florida (USA), Hawaii, Costa Rica, and other warm regions with suitable climates.

2. Biology and Physiology

Morphology

Trunk

Malcomber's Palm is a solitary palm with an impressive stature. The trunk reaches 15-25 meters in height and 25-35 cm in diameter at the base, narrowing to 14-15 cm in diameter at the crown. The base is slightly bulbous with a few aerial roots. The trunk has internodes of 10-28 cm (reducing to 5-6 cm near the top), is slightly stepped, finely fissured, brown in color, and displays distinctive ring-like nodal scars approximately 2 cm wide.

Leaves

The leaves are arranged tristichously (in three vertical ranks) with 6-8 plumose (feather-like) fronds in the crown. Key leaf features include:

• Sheath: Bright green to yellow-green, waxy, swollen, 1.5-2 m long, 17-25 cm in diameter
• Petiole: 20-50 cm long, 4-8 cm in diameter, bright green, glabrous (smooth), with sharp edges
• Rachis: 3-4 meters long, bright green, 4-5 cm in diameter at mid-leaf
• Pinnae (Leaflets): Arranged in groups of 2-8, with 135-188 pinnae on each side of the rachis, fanned and drooping at their distal parts

Flower System

The palm produces inflorescences typical of the Dypsis genus. While specific details about its flowering are limited in the available literature, it follows the general pattern of palms with male and female flowers that can occur on the same inflorescence.

Fruits and Seeds

• Fruits are pale orange, globose to ellipsoid, measuring 8-10 x 4-7 mm
• Seeds are small, approximately 5.5 x 4 mm, with homogeneous endosperm
• Seeds measure about 3/16 of an inch (approximately 5 mm) across

Life Cycle

As a palm tree, Dypsis malcomberi follows the typical monocotyledonous perennial life cycle:

1. Seed Germination: Remote tubular germination typical of many palms
2. Juvenile Stage: Slow initial growth, establishing root system and developing characteristic features
3. Maturity: Reaches reproductive capability, produces flowers and fruits
4. Senescence: After many decades of life

Specific Adaptations

Dypsis malcomberi has developed several adaptations to its native environment:

• Altitude Tolerance: Adapted to submontane conditions (400-800m elevation)
• Cool Temperature Tolerance: Its southern habitat and altitude have made it more cold-tolerant than many tropical palms
• Moisture Requirements: Adaptation to consistent moisture while maintaining good drainage requirements
• Root System: Exhibits "saxophone style" root growth with a distinctive heel structure

3. Reproduction and Propagation

Seed Reproduction

Seed Morphology

Malcomber's Palm seeds are relatively small for palm seeds, measuring approximately 5 mm (3/16 inch) across. They have a homogeneous endosperm and are enclosed in a barely fibrous endocarp.

Seed Collection and Viability

Seeds should be collected when ripe, indicated by the pale orange coloration of the fruits. As with many palm species, seeds likely have a limited viability period and should be planted relatively quickly after collection for best results.

Pre-germination Treatments

While specific studies on D. malcomberi germination are limited, general palm seed treatment practices apply:

• Light scarification may help accelerate germination
• Soaking in warm water for 24-48 hours can help soften the seed coat
• Maintaining consistent warmth and humidity are essential

Germination Techniques

• Use a well-draining but moisture-retentive medium (mix of peat, perlite, and fine sand)
• Maintain temperatures between 75-85°F (24-29°C)
• Keep consistently moist but not waterlogged
• Place in bright, indirect light
• Use bottom heat if available to encourage germination

Germination Difficulty

While specific germination rates aren't well-documented, the species is noted to reproduce "readily from seed" compared to some other rare Dypsis species, suggesting moderate difficulty.

Germination Time

Exact germination time is not well-documented for this specific species, but related Dypsis species typically take between 1-6 months to germinate, with first leaf emergence following several weeks after initial germination.

Seedling Care

Seedlings require attentive care, including:

• Protection from direct sun until established
• Consistent moisture without waterlogging
• High humidity
• Good air circulation to prevent fungal issues
• Light, balanced fertilization once first true leaves appear

Advanced Germination Techniques

For difficult seeds or improved results, consider:

• Maintaining a sealed propagation environment to ensure humidity
• Using fungicides preventatively to reduce chances of rot
• Ensuring sterile media to prevent damping off

4. Cultivation Requirements

Light Requirements

Species-specific Light Tolerance

Malcomber's Palm thrives in bright, filtered light. In its native habitat, it grows under the canopy of the submontane forest where it receives dappled sunlight.

• Preferred Light: Bright, indirect light or filtered sun
• Tolerance Range: Can adapt to moderate shade but grows best with good light
• Sun Sensitivity: Young plants are more sensitive to direct sun; mature specimens develop some sun tolerance

Seasonal Light Variations

In cultivation, especially in non-equatorial regions, seasonal light management may be necessary:

• Summer: May need protection from intense midday sun, especially in hot regions
• Winter: Position to maximize available light during shorter days
• Transitional Seasons: Monitor for sunburn when moving plants outdoors after winter

Artificial Lighting for Indoor Cultivation

If grown indoors, supplemental lighting may be beneficial:

• High-output LED grow lights designed for plants
• Position lights 2-4 feet above the canopy
• Provide 12-14 hours of light daily
• Full-spectrum lighting is preferable for balanced growth

Temperature and Humidity Management

Optimal Temperature Ranges

Being from the southeastern mountains of Madagascar, this palm has developed good temperature adaptability:

• Ideal Day Temperature: 70-85°F (21-29°C)
• Ideal Night Temperature: 60-70°F (15-21°C)
• Minimum Temperature: Likely tolerant of brief dips to around 40-45°F (4-7°C)

Cold Tolerance Thresholds

While hardier than many tropical palms, Dypsis malcomberi has limits:

• Suited to USDA Hardiness Zone 9b and warmer
• Can handle cool nights but not frost or freezing
• May show stress or damage below 40°F (4°C)

Humidity Requirements

As a tropical plant from moist forest habitats:

• Optimal Humidity: 60-80%
• Minimum Humidity: Can adapt to moderate humidity (40-50%) but may show leaf tip burn in very dry conditions
• Modification Techniques: Regular misting, grouping plants, humidity trays, or room humidifiers can help maintain adequate moisture levels

Soil and Nutrition

Ideal Soil Composition

Dypsis malcomberi requires well-draining but moisture-retentive soil:

• Base Medium: Rich, slightly acidic soil mix
• Components: 2 parts quality potting soil, 1 part coarse perlite or pumice, 1 part fine pine bark
• pH Value: 5.5-6.5 (slightly acidic)
• Structure: Loose enough for drainage but substantial enough to support the plant

Nutrient Requirements

As a fast-growing palm when established:

• Macronutrients: Balanced NPK with emphasis on potassium and magnesium
• Micronutrients: Particularly important are iron, manganese, and boron
• Growth Stages: Higher nitrogen during active growth phases, more potassium during flowering/fruiting

Fertilization Approaches

• Organic Options: Composted manure, fish emulsion, seaweed extracts
• Synthetic Options: Slow-release palm-specific fertilizers (e.g., 8-2-12 with micronutrients)
• Schedule: Apply every 2-3 months during growing season, reduce or eliminate during dormant periods

Micronutrient Deficiencies

Common issues to watch for:

• Manganese Deficiency: Frizzle top (new leaves emerge stunted and deformed)
• Magnesium Deficiency: Yellow banding on older leaves
• Potassium Deficiency: Spotting and necrosis on leaf tips and edges
• Iron Deficiency: Interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between veins) on new leaves

Water Management

Irrigation Frequency

Watering needs will vary based on climate, container size, and maturity:

• Establishment Phase: Keep consistently moist but not soggy
• Mature Plants: Allow top 1-2 inches of soil to dry between waterings
• Seasonal Adjustments: Reduce frequency in cooler months, increase during hot periods

Methodology

Proper watering technique is crucial:

• Container Plants: Water thoroughly until drainage occurs
• Ground Plants: Deep, slow watering to reach root zone
• Timing: Morning watering preferred to reduce fungal issues

Drought Tolerance

While adapted to consistent moisture in its native habitat:

• Established plants can tolerate short periods of drought
• Will show stress through leaf tip browning and slower growth
• Recovery is possible with resumed proper watering

Water Quality Considerations

• Sensitivity: May be sensitive to fluoride and chlorine in municipal water
• Salinity: Low tolerance for salt in irrigation water
• Temperature: Room temperature water is preferred to prevent shock
• Collection: Rainwater collection can provide ideal irrigation

Drainage Requirements

Proper drainage is essential:

• Container Growing: Ample drainage holes and elevated pot bases
• Landscape Planting: Well-prepared soil with good percolation
• Warning Signs: Yellowing lower leaves may indicate overwatering or poor drainage

5. Diseases and Pests

Common Problems in Growing

Dypsis malcomberi, like other palms, can face several cultivation challenges:

• Root Issues: Particularly prone to root rot if overwatered
• Nutrient Deficiencies: Can develop various symptoms if soil fertility is inadequate
• Environmental Stress: Sensitivity to dramatic temperature changes or extremely low humidity
• Transplant Shock: Can be sensitive to root disturbance during repotting

Identification of Diseases and Pests

Common Diseases

• Fungal Leaf Spots: Dark lesions with yellow halos
• Root Rot: Yellowing fronds, stunted growth, and blackened roots
• Bud Rot: Central growing point becomes dark and rotten
• Lethal Yellowing: Progressive yellowing of fronds (rare in this species but possible)

Common Pests

• Spider Mites: Fine webbing and stippling on leaves, especially in dry conditions
• Scale Insects: Small, waxy bumps on stems and leaf undersides
• Mealybugs: White, cottony masses in leaf axils and undersides
• Palm Aphids: Clusters of small insects on new growth
• Palm Weevils: Boring insects that can damage the trunk

Environmental and Chemical Protection Methods

Cultural Controls

• Proper Spacing: Allows air circulation to reduce fungal issues
• Appropriate Watering: Prevents stress and root diseases
• Balanced Nutrition: Strengthens natural plant defenses
• Sanitation: Prompt removal of dead or diseased fronds

Physical Controls

• Hand Removal: For larger pests
• Water Sprays: To dislodge spider mites and aphids
• Sticky Traps: To monitor and reduce flying insect pests
• Barriers: To prevent crawler access to plants

Biological Controls

• Beneficial Insects: Ladybugs, lacewings, and predatory mites
• Nematodes: For soil-dwelling pests
• Microbial Agents: Bacillus thuringiensis for certain caterpillars

Chemical Controls (When Necessary)

• Horticultural Oils: For scale and mealybugs
• Insecticidal Soaps: For soft-bodied insects
• Systemic Insecticides: For serious infestations
• Fungicides: As preventative or treatment for fungal diseases

6. Indoor Palm Growing

Specific Care in Housing Conditions

Placement

• Light: Position near east or west-facing windows for optimal light without direct sun exposure
• Protection: Keep away from cold drafts, heating vents, and air conditioners
• Space Requirements: Allow room for the wide spread of fronds
• Aesthetics: Works well as a focal point or in groupings with other tropical plants

Indoor Climate

• Temperature: Maintain consistent temperatures between 65-80°F (18-27°C)
• Humidity: Supplement with humidifiers, pebble trays, or regular misting if indoor air is dry
• Air Circulation: Gentle air movement benefits the plant but avoid cold drafts

Houseplant Care

• Cleaning: Wipe leaves occasionally to remove dust and improve light absorption
• Rotating: Turn the plant occasionally for even growth
• Support: May need staking if growth becomes leggy
• Propagation: Limited to seeds, as division is not possible with this solitary palm

Repotting and Wintering

Repotting Process

• Frequency: Every 2-3 years for younger plants, less often for mature specimens
• Timing: Best done in spring at the beginning of the growing season
• Container Selection: Choose pots just 1-2 inches larger than the current root ball
• Potting Medium: Use fresh palm-specific soil mix with good drainage properties
• Root Handling: Minimize root disturbance; do not bare-root the plant

Wintering Care

• Light: Maximize available light during shorter winter days
• Watering: Reduce frequency, allowing soil to dry more between waterings
• Fertilization: Pause feeding or reduce to quarter strength
• Temperature: Maintain minimum temperatures of 55-60°F (13-15°C)
• Pest Monitoring: Increase vigilance as indoor heating can exacerbate pest issues

7. Landscape and Outdoor Cultivation

Specific Site Selection

• Climate Zones: Best suited for USDA zones 9b and warmer
• Microclimate Considerations: Benefits from protection from strong winds
• Soil Assessment: Ensure good drainage and soil quality before planting
• Spacing: Allow 8-10 feet between specimens for proper development

Design Applications

• Specimen Planting: Makes an impressive focal point
• Grouping: Effective in clusters of 3-5 for dramatic impact
• Avenue Planting: Creates elegant formal allées when planted in rows
• Companion Plants: Pairs well with understory tropicals like gingers, heliconias, and ferns

Establishment and Maintenance in Landscapes

• Planting Techniques: Dig hole twice as wide as the root ball; plant at same depth as container
• Initial Support: May need staking for the first year in windy locations
• Establishment Period: Regular watering for 6-12 months until well-rooted
• Mulching: Apply 2-3 inches of organic mulch, keeping away from trunk
• Long-Term Maintenance: Annual fertilization, pruning of dead fronds, and monitoring for pests

8. Cold Climate Cultivation Strategies

Cold Hardiness

While Dypsis malcomberi is more cold-tolerant than many tropical palms due to its submontane origins, it remains sensitive to freezing temperatures. It is generally suitable for USDA Hardiness Zone 9b and warmer, meaning it can tolerate occasional brief dips to around 25-30°F (-4 to -1°C).

Winter Protection

For marginal climates or during unusual cold snaps:

• Mulching: Apply thick mulch around the base to protect roots
• Anti-transpirant Sprays: Can reduce moisture loss during cold, dry periods
• Physical Covers: Frost cloth or burlap wrapping for brief cold events
• Heat Sources: Christmas lights or outdoor heaters for extreme situations

Hardiness Zone Recommendations

• Reliable Outdoor Growth: USDA Zones 10-11
• Possible with Protection: USDA Zone 9b
• Indoor/Containerized Only: USDA Zones 9a and cooler

Winter Protection Systems and Materials

• Temporary Structures: Frame and cover systems for seasonal protection
• Microclimate Creation: Stone walls, buildings, and other heat-retaining elements
• Radiant Barriers: Reflective materials to retain ground heat
• Specialized Products: Commercial palm coats, tree wraps, and frost blankets

Final Summary

Chrysalidocarpus malcomberi (Dypsis malcomberi) is a magnificent solitary palm native to the southeastern mountains of Madagascar, where it grows in submontane moist forests. This impressive species features a tall trunk reaching 15-25 meters, tristichously arranged plumose fronds, and a distinctive waxy crownshaft. While endangered in its native habitat, it has gained recognition among palm enthusiasts for its elegant form, relative cold hardiness, and adaptability to cultivation.

The species offers particular value in landscape applications due to its stately presence and in botanical collections due to its rarity. It can be propagated from seeds, which are small but germinate relatively readily compared to some other rare palms. Cultivation success depends on providing well-draining but consistently moist soil, bright filtered light, adequate humidity, and protection from extreme temperatures.

As with many palms from Madagascar, conservation efforts both in habitat and in cultivation are important for this species' long-term survival. Its ability to adapt to subtropical conditions and its ornamental qualities make it a valuable addition to palm collections in suitable climates around the world.